| Stress and pathogens in the treeline ecotone (1-3) |
1. | Late frost damage in spring (note: the current season flush has been killed and turned brown). |
2. | Fungal infections. Swiss treeline at 2250 m. |
3. | Winter desiccation. Austrian treeline at 2100 m. |
| "Krummholz" above treelines (4-8) |
4. | Eucalyptus pauciflora, 2050 m, Mt. Perisher, Snowy Mts., Australia. |
5. | Tsuga, Abies, Larix, 2200 m, Mt. Fuji, Japan. |
6. | Pinus flexilis, Abies lasciocarpa, Picea engelmannii, 3400 m, Niwot Ridge, Colorado, Rocky Mts. Front Range. |
7. | Tree islands of Picea engelmannii, 3350 m, Medicin Bow Mts., Rocky Mts., Wyoming. |
8. | Pinus mugo, 1900 m, Lechtal Alps, Austria. |