- basal ice
- That part of the glacier in which the nature of the ice is directly affected by proximity to the glacier bed. (Peter Knight)
- basal sliding
- When the bottom of a glacier slides directly over subglacial bedrock
- basalt
- Volcanic rock (or lava) that characteristically is dark in color, contains about 50 % silica, and generally is rich in iron and magnesium.
- base saturation
- The extent to which the exchange sites of the soil's adsorption complex are saturated by exchangeable basic cations, or by cations other than hydrogen and aluminum, expressed as a percentage of the total cation-exchange capacity
- bioclimatology
- The science of the climate in and around organisms
- biodiversity
- The variety of life in all its forms, levels and combinations, including species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity
- biome
- A large coherent section of landscape where one type of vegetation predominates (e.g. tundra, taiga, alpine)
- biota
- The sum of all organisms in a given space
- biotic
- Life related
- bog
- Open wetland area poor in mineral nutrients where water is supplied exclusively by precipitation; typically acidic peatland
- boreal
- Nordic; usually used to indicate the zone of the nordic coniferous forests
- boulder
- A rock larger than a cobble and smaller than a block; greater than 25 cm in diameter
- breccia
- Coarse, clastic sedimentary rock, its constituent clasts are angular. Usually, the clasts are deposited close to the source area.
- bromeliad
- A member of the Bromeliaceae family (Pineapple family)
- bryophytes
- Mosses and liverworts
- buried ice
- Ice formed or deposited on the ground surface and later covered by sediments
- burrower
- Animal that digs tunnels or holes in the ground
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